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Targetted because I am an atheist

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Intolerance of the Muslim Kind

Rafeeque, a self-avowed atheist and left sympathiser from Thaliparamba in Kerala’s Kannur district says he was targeted by fundamentalists and his video production studio burned down at 2.30 a.m. on December 26, 2015 to scare him and stifle his independent views on various aspects to do within Islam.
Rafeeque owns the Obcura studio in Thaliparmba in Kannur and is or was the administrator of a Whats APP group called “What is Islam?” On this group he has attempted to have many discussions on the practice of purdah and polygamy.

Speaking to Combatonline, he said that he began to feel the threat and intimidation from self-proclaimed defenders of the faith who are also political activists when his comments on the Hijab (covering eyes and face of women) were widely shared within the Muslim community in Kerala and also in the Gulf countries. “Many persons openly advocated the boycotting of my studio by the Muslim community,” said Rafeeque who added that a few days back he received direct threats from the internet.

Examples of Threats

The threats on Whats App and Social Media were vicious and on predictable lines. “Rafeeque is only expressing these views to get attention and claps from Muslim-haters” reads one. Another reads, “Rafeeque Pulimparamba", who is running this Obcura Video Studio “carrying our prostituting activities against Islam so  boycott him and do not hire his services for video shooting of marriages and other occasions.”
 
Rafeeque said soon after, he began to feel the heat from orthodox elements in the community. He said his comments were widely shared in the Muslim community in Kerala and even Gulf countries. “Many advocated boycotting my studio and asked community members not to give me any work. A few days ago, I received threatening calls over the internet,” said Rafeeque.

He also said that while he cannot pin down any particular organisation as many Muslim outfits have conservative and rabid elements who can engineer such attacks. However the cost to Rafeeque has been a total damage of Rs 2 lakhs. Local persons from all communities, including a majority of Muslims have come together to contribute Rs 1 lakh rupees that has been handed over to him to make up for the damage. Inexplicably, however, no FIR has yet been registered by the local police.
 
Question remains however,  will those guilty of arson, threats and intimidation, be thoroughly investigated and prosecuted?
 

Socialist and Free: Cuba 57 years later

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Cuban President Fidel Castro during an address to the United Nations in 1960                           Image Courtesy: AP Photo

January 1, 1959
Fifty seven years ago, Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista fled from the national capital as the rebel forces of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara closed in. This historic occasion marked the end of a brutal, pseudo-imperialist regime, which was replaced by the revolutionary, guerrilla fighters headed by Castro.  For fifty seven years, the Cuban republic has remained a socialist state, defying all the attempts by its looming neighbour to interfere.
 
Amidst great public support, Fidel Castro, the first President of Cuba, addressed the United Nations General Assembly in 1960. We reproduce extracts from the speech which was centred on denouncing Colonialism and Imperialism in all kinds and forms, and empowering colonial states to fight for their freedom. 
 
Excerpts:
Now, to the problem of Cuba.  Perhaps some of you are well aware of the facts, perhaps others are not.  It all depends on the sources of information, but, undoubtedly, the problem of Cuba, born within the last two years, is a new problem for the world.  The world had not had many reasons to know that Cuba existed.  For many, Cuba was something of an appendix of the United States. Even for many citizens of this country, Cuba was a colony of the United States.  As far as the map was concerned, this was not the case:  our country had a different colour from that of the United States.   But in reality Cuba was a colony of the United States.
 
How did our country became a colony of the United States?  It was not because of its origins; the same men did not colonise the United States and Cuba.  Cuba has a very different ethnical and cultural origin, and the difference was widened over the centuries.  Cuba was the last country in America to free itself from Spanish colonial rule, to cast off, with due respect to the representative of Spain, the Spanish colonial yoke; and because it was the last, it also had to fight more fiercely.

How can an unpopular regime, inimical to the interests of the people, stay in power unless it is by force?  Will we have to explain to the representatives of our sister republics of Latin America what military tyrannies are? 
 
Spain had only one small possession left in America and it defended it with tooth and nail.  Our people, small in numbers, scarcely a million inhabitants at that time, had to face alone, for almost thirty years, an army considered one of the strongest in Europe.  Against our small national population the Spanish Government mobilized an army as big as the total forces that had fought against South American independence.  Half a million Spanish soldiers fought against the historic and unbreakable will of our people to be free.
 
For thirty years the Cubans fought alone for their independence; thirty years of struggle that strengthened our love for freedom and independence. But Cuba was a fruit — according to the opinion of a President of the United States at the beginning of the past century, John Adams — it was an apple hanging from the Spanish tree, destined to fall, as soon as it was ripe enough, into the hands of the United States.  Spanish power had worn itself out in our country.  Spain had neither the men nor the economic resources to continue the war in Cuba; Spain had been defeated. Apparently the apple was ripe, and the United States Government held out its open hands.
 
How can an unpopular regime, inimical to the interests of the people, stay in power unless it is by force?  Will we have to explain to the representatives of our sister republics of Latin America what military tyrannies are?  Will we have to outline to them how these tyrannies have kept themselves in power?  Will we have to explain the history of several of those tyrannies which are already classical?  Will we have to say what forces, what national and international interests support them?
 
The military group which tyrannized our country was supported by the most reactionary elements of the nation, and, above all, by the foreign interests that dominated the economy of our country.  Everybody knows, and we understand that even the Government of the United States admits it, that that was the type of government favoured by the monopolies. Why?  Because by the use of force it was possible to check the demands of the people; by the use of force it was possible to suppress strikes for improvement of living standards; by the use of force it was possible to crush all movements on the part of the peasants to own the land they worked; by the use of force it was possible to curb the greatest and most deeply felt aspirations of the nation.
 
That is why governments of force were favoured by the ruling circles of the United States. That is why governments of force stayed in power for so long, and why there are governments of force still in power in America. Naturally, it all depends on whether it is possible to secure the support of the United States.
 
Source: Excerpted from the speech delivered at the United Nations General Assembly on September 26, 1960. For the entire text of the speech visit:  http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1960/19600926.html
 
 

Neither Free Not Basic, say over 100 IIT and IISC Professors

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In a strong and cogent statement issued to challenge the aggressive campaign by Facebook in promoting its ‘Free Basics’ proposal, over 100 IIT and IISC professors have challenged the ‘lethal combination’ that threatens to control usage, dictate costs and access personal information of millions of Indians, that too by an entity based on foreign soil

 
The statement rejects Facebook’s misleading and flawed ‘Free Basics’ proposal
 
Allowing a private entity

  • to define for Indian Internet users what is ‘basic’,
  • to control what content costs how much, and
  • to have access to the personal content created and used by millions of Indians

is a lethal combination which will lead to total lack of freedom on how Indians can use their own public utility, the Internet.  Facebook’s ‘free basics’ proposal is such a lethal combination, having several deep flaws, beneath the veil of altruism wrapped around it in TV and other media advertisements, as detailed below.
 

Flaw 1:   Facebook defines what is ‘basic’.
The first obvious flaw in the proposal is that Facebook assumes control of defining what a ‘basic’ service is.  They have in fact set up an interface for services to ‘submit’ themselves to Facebook for approval to be a ‘basic’ service.  This means: what the ‘basic’ digital services Indians will access using their own air waves will be decided (if the proposal goes through) by a private corporation, and that too one based on foreign soil.  The sheer absurdity of this (on political, legal, and moral grounds), is obvious.

To draw an analogy, suppose a chocolate company wishes to provide ‘free basic food’ for all Indians, but retains control of what constitutes ‘basic’ food — this would clearly be absurd.  Further, if the same company defines its own brand of ‘toffee’ as a ‘basic’ food, it would be doubly absurd and its motives highly questionable.  While the Internet is not as essential as food, that the Internet is a public utility touching the lives of rich and poor alike cannot be denied.  
 

What Facebook is proposing to do with this public utility is no different from the hypothetical chocolate company.  In fact, it has defined itself to be the first ‘basic’ service, as evident from Reliance’s ads on Free Facebook.  Now, it will require quite a stretch of imagination to classify Facebook as ‘basic’. This is why Facebook’s own ad script writers have prompted Mr. Zuckerberg to instead make emotional appeals of education and healthcare for the poor Indian masses; these appeals are misleading, to say the least.
Flaw 2: Facebook will have access to all your apps’ contents.
The second major flaw in the model, is that Facebook would be able to decrypt the contents of the ‘basic’ apps on its servers.  This flaw is not visible to the lay person as it’s a technical detail, but it has deep and disturbing implications.  Since Facebook can access un-encrypted contents of users’ ‘basic’ services, either we get to consider health apps to be not basic, or risk revealing health records of all Indians to Facebook.  Either we get to consider our banking apps to be not ‘basic’, or risk exposing the financial information of all Indians to Facebook.   And so on.  This is mind boggling even under normal circumstances, and even more so considering the recent internal and international snooping activities by the NSA in the US.

Flaw 3: It’s not free.
The third flaw is that the term ‘free’ in ‘free basics’ is a marketing gimmick.  If you see an ad which says ‘buy a bottle of hair oil, get a comb free’, you know that the cost of the comb is added somewhere.  If something comes for free, its cost has to appear somewhere else.  Telecom operators will have to recover the cost of ‘free basic’ apps from the non-free services (otherwise, why not make everything free?).  So effectively, whatever Facebook does not consider ‘basic’ will cost more.

If Facebook gets to decide what costs how much, in effect Indians will be surrendering their digital freedom, and freedom in the digital economy, to Facebook.  So this is not an issue of elite Indians able to pay for the Internet versus poor Indians, as Facebook is trying to portray.  It is an issue of whether all Indians want to surrender their digital freedom to Facebook.

That the ‘Free Basics’ proposal is flawed as above is alarming but not surprising, for it violates one of the core architectural principles of Internet design: net neutrality.  Compromising net neutrality, an important design principle of the Internet, would invariably lead to deep consequences on people’s freedom to access and use information.  We therefore urge that the TRAI should support net neutrality in its strongest form, and thoroughly reject Facebook’s ‘free basics’ proposal.

 
Signed by:

  1. Krithi Ramamritham, Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  2. Bhaskaran Raman, Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  3. Siddhartha Chaudhuri, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  4. Ashwin Gumaste, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  5. Kameswari Chebrolu, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  6. Uday Khedker, Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  7. Madhu N. Belur, Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  8. Mukul Chandorkar, Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  9. Amitabha Bagchi, Associate Professor, CS&E, IIT Delhi
  10. Vinay Ribeiro, Associate Professor, CS&E, IIT Delhi
  11. Niloy Ganguly, Professor, CS&E, IIT Kharagpur
  12. Animesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  13. Animesh Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Kharagpur
  14. Subhashis Banerjee, Professor, CSE, IIT Delhi
  15. Shivaram Kalyanakrishnan, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  16. Saswat Chakrabarti, Professor, GSSST, IIT Kharagpur
  17. H.Narayanan, Professor, EE, I.I.T Bombay
  18. Vinayak Naik, Associate Professor, CSE, IIIT-Delhi
  19. Aurobinda Routray, Professor, EE, IIT Kharagpur
  20. Naveen Garg, Professor, CSE, IIT Delhi
  21. Amarjeet Singh, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIIT-Delhi
  22. Purushottam Kulkarni, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  23. Supratik Chakraborty, Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  24. Kavi Arya, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  25. S. Akshay, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  26. Jyoti Sinha, Visiting Faculty, Robotics, IIIT Delhi
  27. Joydeep Chandra, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Patna
  28. Parag Chaudhuri, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  29. Rajiv Raman, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIIT-Delhi
  30. Mayank Vatsa, Associate Professor, CSE, IIIT-Delhi
  31. Anirban Mukherjee, Associate Professor, EE, IIT Kharagpur
  32. Pushpendra Singh, Associate Professor, CSE, IIIT-Delhi
  33. Partha Pratim Das, Professor, CSE, IIT Kharagpur
  34. Dheeraj Sanghi, Professor, CSE, IIIT Delhi
  35. Karabi Biswas, Associate Professor, EE, IIT Kharagpur
  36. Bikash Kumar Dey, Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  37. Mohammad Hashmi, Assistant Professor, ECE, IIIT Delhi
  38. Venu Madhav Govindu, Assistant Professor, EE, IISc Bengaluru
  39. Murali Krishna Ramanathan, Assistant Professor, CSA, IISc Bangalore
  40. Sridhar Iyer, Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  41. Sujay Deb, Assistant Professor, ECE, IIIT Delhi
  42. Virendra Sule, Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  43. Om Damani, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  44. V Rajbabu, Assistant Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  45. Hema Murthy, Professor, CSE, IIT Madras
  46. Anupam Basu, Professor, CSE, IIT Kharagpur
  47. Sriram Srinivasan, Adjunct Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  48. K.V.S. Hari, Professor, ECE, IISc, Bengaluru
  49. Shalabh Gupta, Associate Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  50. Suman Kumar Maji, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Patna
  51. Udayan Ganguly, Associate Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  52. Rahul Banerjee, Professor, CSE, BITS Pilani
  53. R K. Shevgaonkar, Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  54. S.C. Gupta, Visiting Faculty, CSE, IIT Delhi
  55. Ashutosh Gupta, Reader, STCS, TIFR
  56. V Krishna Nandivada, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Madras
  57. Ashutosh Trivedi, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  58. Ganesh Ramakrishnan, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  59. Amit Patra, Professor, EE, IIT Kharagpur
  60. Jayalal Sarma, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Madras
  61. Rajesh Sundaresan, Associate Professor, ECE, IISc Bangalore
  62. Deepak Khemani, Professor, CSE, IIT Madras
  63. Vinod Prabhakaran, Reader, TCS, TIFR
  64. Saroj Kaushik, Professor, CSE, IIT Delhi
  65. Kumar Appaiah, Assistant Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  66. Bijendra N Jain, Professor, CSE, IIT Delhi
  67. Aaditeshwar Seth, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Delhi
  68. Nupur Dasgupta, Jadavpur University
  69. C.Chandra Sekhar, Professor, CSE, IIT Madras
  70. Pralay Mitra, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Kharagpur
  71. Krishna Jagannathan, Assistant Professor, EE, IIT Madras
  72. Venkatesh Tamarapalli, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Guwahati
  73. Ajit Rajwade, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  74. D. Manjunath, Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  75. Subhasis Chaudhuri, EE, IIT Bombay
  76. S. Arun-Kumar, Professor, CS&E, IIT Delhi
  77. Alka Hingorani, Associate Professor, IIT Bombay
  78. Swaroop Ganguly, Associate Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  79. Shishir K. Jha, Associate Professor, SJMSOM, IIT Bombay
  80. Sabyasachi SenGupta, Professor, EE, IIT Kharagpur
  81. Mythili Vutukuru, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  82. Harish Karnick, Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur.
  83. Piyush Rai, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  84. Jayakrishnan Nair, Assistant Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  85. T.V.Prabhakar, Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  86. Nitin Saxena, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur.
  87. Sundar Viswanathan, Professor, CSE, IIT Bombay
  88. Sushobhan Avasthi, Assistant Professor, CeNSE, IISc Bangalore
  89. Sumit Darak, Assistant Professor, IIIT Delhi
  90. Ajai Jain, Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  91. Indranil Saha, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  92. Dipankar Sinha, ISI, Kolkata
  93. Purushottam Kar, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  94. Sandeep Kumar Shukla, Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  95. Surender Baswana, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  96. Soumyadip Bandyopadhayay, Visiting Faculty, CSE, BITS-Pilani Goa
  97. Rogers Mathew, Asst. Professor, CSE, IIT Kharagpur.
  98. Samit Bhattacharya, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Guwahati
  99. Richa Singh, Associate Professor, CSE, IIIT Delhi
  100. Raghavendra Rao B. V., Assistant Professor, IIT Madras.
  101. Chandrashekar C.M., Assistant Professor, Theoretical Physics, IMSc Chennai.
  102. Aditya Gopalan, Assistant Professor, ECE, IISc
  103. Ritwik Kumar Layek, Assistant Professor, ECE, IIT Kharagpur
  104. Madhavan Mukund, Professor, Chennai Mathematical Institute
  105. Piyush P Kurur, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  106. Debajyoti Bera, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIIT-Delhi
  107. Sudebkumar P Pal, Professor, CSE, IIT Kharagpur
  108. Rajat Mittal, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  109. Sandip Chakraborty, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Kharagpur
  110. R. K. Ghosh, CSE, IIT Kanpur
  111. Anuradha Sharma, Assistant Professor, Mathematics, IIT Delhi
  112. Kannan Moudgalya, Professor, IIT Bombay
  113. Saurabh Lodha, Associate Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  114. Ashutosh Mahajan, Assistant Professor, IEOR, IIT Bombay
  115. S. C. Patel, Professor, IIT Bombay
  116. P Sunthar, Associate Professor, Chemical Engg, IIT Bombay
  117. Ateeque MalaniAssistant Professor, Chemical Engg, IIT Bombay
  118. J. K. Verma, Professor, IIT Bombay
  119. Rajendra M Sonar, Associate Professor, IIT Bombay
  120. Ramkrishna Pasumarthy, Assistant Professor, EE, IIT Madras
  121. Dipan K. Ghosh, Professor (Retd.) IIT Bombay
  122. Vinish Kathuria, Professor, SJMSOM, IIT Bombay
  123. Anirban Sain, Professor, Physics, IIT Bombay
  124. S P Sukhatme, Professor Emeritus, Mech Engg, IIT Bombay
  125. Ravi N Banavar, Professor, Systems and Control Engg, IIT Bombay
  126. Shyam Karagadde, Assistant Professor, Mech Engg, IIT Bombay
  127. Sourangshu Bhattacharya, Assistant Professor, CSE, IIT Kharagpur
  128. Bhaskaran Muralidharan, Associate Professor, EE, IIT Bombay
  129. Ravi Raghunathan, Associate Professor, Mathematics, IIT Bombay
  130. Krishna Mohan Buddhiraju, Professor, CSRE, IIT Bombay
  131. T T Niranjan, Assistant Professor, SJMSOM, IIT Bombay
  132. Anurag Mittal, Associate Professor, CSE, IIT Madras
  133. A.K. Suresh, Professor, Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay
  134. Rowena Robinson, Professor, Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Bombay
  135. Urjit Yajnik, Professor, Physics Department, IIT Bombay
  136. Bharat Seth, ex-Professor, ME, IIT Bombay
  137. Himanshu Bahirat, Assistant Professor, EE, IIT Bombay

Source: Reddit
*Parenthesis added
 

Babur on Hindustan: Excerpts from the Babur-Nama

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Four days ago, December 26 was the death anniversary of Babur the founding Mughal. He died on December 26, 485 years ago in 1530. Reviled in recent Indian history by proponents of the supremacist Hindutva brigade (remember Sadhvi Rithambara’s rantings of Babur ki Aulad to revile all Indian Muslims as the Sangh Parivar legitimised the demolition of the Babri Masjid on December 6, 1992), Babur (Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur, original name) was a man of letters who had a keen fascination for flora and fauna besides being an intrepid traveller-warrior. Babur-Nama (Memoirs of Babur), originally written in Turki was translated into Persian during his grandson, Akbar’s reign. We bring you some excerpts
 
Of  Hindustan
Hindustan is of the first climate, the second climate, and the third climate; of the fourth climate it has none. It is a wonderful country. Compared with our countries it is a different world; its mountains, rivers, jungles and deserts, its towns, its cultivated lands, its animals and plants, its peoples and their tongues, its rains, and its winds, are all different. In some respects the hot-country (garm-sil) that depends on Kabul, is like Hindustan, but in others, it is different. Once the water of Sind is crossed, everything is in the Hindustan way (tariq) land, water, tree, rock, people and horde, opinion and custom.
 
Of the northern mountains
After crossing the Sind-river (eastwards), there are countries, in the northern mountains mentioned above, appertaining to Kashmir and once included in it, although most of them, as for example, Pakli and Shahmang (?), do not now obey it. Beyond Kashmir there are countless peoples and hordes, parganas and cultivated lands, in the mountains. As far as Bengal, as far indeed as the shore of the great ocean, the peoples are without break. About this procession of men no-one has been able to give authentic information in reply to our enquiries and investigations. So far people have been saying that they call these hill-men Kas.[1] It has struck me that as a Hindustan pronounces shin as sin (i.e. sh as s), and as Kashmir is the one respectable town in these mountains, no other indeed being heard of, Hindustanis might pronounce it Kashmir.[2] These people trade in musk-bags, b:hri-qutas,[3] saffron, lead and copper.
 
Hindus call these mountains Sawalak-parbat. In the Hindi tongue sawai-lak means one lak and a quarter, that is 125,000, and parbat means a hill, which makes 125,000 hills.[4] The snow on these mountains never lessens; it is seen white from many districts of Hind, as, for example, Lahor, Sihrind and Sambal. The range, which in Kabul is known as Hindu-kush, comes from Kabul eastwards into Hindustan, with slight inclination to the south. The Hindustanat[5] are to the south of it. Tibet lies to the north of it and of that unknown horde called Kas.
 
Of  Rivers
Many rivers rise in these mountains and flow through Hindustan. Six rise north of Sihrind, namely Sind, Bahat (Jilam), Chan-ab [sic], Rawl, Biah, and Sutluj [6]; all meet near Multan, flow westwards under the name of Sind, pass through the Tatta country and fall into the ‘Uman (-sea).
 
Besides these six there are others, such as Jun (Jumna), Gang (Ganges), Rahap (Rapti?), Gumti, Gagar (Ghaggar), Siru, Gandak, and many more; all unite with the Gang-darya, flow east under its name, pass through the Bengal country, and are poured into the great ocean. They all rise in the Sawalak-parbat. Many rivers rise in the Hindustan hills, as, for instance, Chambal, Banas, Bitwi, and Sun (Son). There is no snow whatever on these mountains. Their waters also join the Gang-darya.
 
Of the Aravalli
Another Hindustan range runs north and south. It begins in the Dihli country at a small rocky hill on which is Firuz Shah’s residence, called Jahan-nama,[7] and, going on from there, appears near Dihli in detached, very low, scattered here and there, rocky little hills.[8] Beyond Miwat, it enters the Biana country. The hills of Sikri, Bari and Dulpur are also part of this same including (tuta) range. The hills of Gualiar – they write it Galiur – although they do not connect with it, are off-sets of this range; so are the hills of Rantanbur, Chitur, Chandiri, and Mandau. They are cut off from it in some places by 7 to 8 kurohs (I4 to I6  m.). These hills are very low, rough, rocky and jungly. No snow whatever falls on them. They are the makers, in Hindustan, of several rivers.
 
Other particulars about Hindustan
The towns and country of Hindustan are greatly wanting in charm. Its towns and lands are all of one sort; there are no walls to the orchards (baghat), and most places are on the dead level plain. Under the monsoon-rains the banks of some of its rivers and torrents are worn into deep channels, difficult and troublesome to pass through anywhere. In many parts of the plains thorny jungle grows, behind the good defence of which the people of the pargana become stubbornly rebellious and pay no taxes. Except for the rivers and here and there standing-waters, there is little “running-water”. So much so is this that towns and countries subsist on the water of wells or on such as collects in tanks during the rains.

In Hindustan hamlets and villages, towns indeed, are depopulated and set up in a moment! If the people of a large town, one inhabited for years even, flee from it, they do it in such a way that not a sign or trace of them remains in a day or a day and a half [9]. On the other hand, if they fix their eyes on a place in which to settle, they need not dig water-courses or construct dams because their crops are all rain-grown,[10] and as the population of Hindustan is unlimited, it swarms in. They make a tank of dig a well; they need not build houses or set up walls-khas-grass (Andropogon muricatum) abounds, wood is unlimited, huts are made, and straightway there is a village or a town!
 
(Excerpted from Babur-Nama (Memories of Babur, author Zahiru’d-din Muhammad Babur Padshah Ghazi, translated by Annette Susannah Beveridge from the original Turki, Complete and unbridged, a Venture of Low Price Publications)

 


[1] Are they the Khas of Nepal and Sikkim? (G. of I.)
[2] Here Erskine notes that the Persian (trs.) adds, “mir signifying a hill, and kas being the name of the natives of the hill country.” This may not support the name kas as correct but may be merely an explanation of Babur’s meaning. It is not in I.O. 217 f. I89 or in Muh. Shirdzi’s lithographed Waqi-at-i-baburi p. I90
[3] Either yak or the tassels of the yak. See Appendix M
[4] My husband tells me that Babur’s authority for this interpretation of Sawalak may be the Zafar-nama (Bib. Ind. Ed. Ii, I49).
[5] i.e. the countries of Hindustan
[6] so pointed, carefully, in the Hai. MS. Mr. Erskine notes of these rivers that they are the Indus, Hydaspes, Ascesines, Hydraotes, Hesudrus and Hyphasis
[7] Ayin-i-akbari, Jarrett 279
[8] parcha parcha, kichikrak kichikrak, anda munda, tashiq taqghina. The Gazetteer of India (I907 I, I) puts into scientific words, what Babur here describes, the ruin of a great former range
[9] This” notes Erskine (p. 315) “is the wulsa or walsa, so well described by Colonel Wilks in his Historical Sketches vol. i.p. 309, note ‘On the approach of an hostile army, the unfortunate inhabitants of India bury under ground their most cumbrous effects, and each individual, man, woman, and child above six years of age (the infant children being carried by their mothers), with a load of grain proportioned to their strength, issue from their beloved homes, and take the direction of a country (if such can be found,) exempt from the miseries of war; sometimes of a strong fortress, but more generally of the most unfrequented hills and woods, where theyprolong a miserable existence until the departure of the enemy, and if this should be protracted beyond the time for which they have provided food, a large portion necessarily dies of hunger.’ See the note itself. The Historical Sketches should be read by every-one who desires to have an accurate idea of the South of India. It is to be regretted that we do not possess the history of any other part of India, written with the same knowledge or research.”
“The word wulsa or walsa is Dravidian. Telugu has valasa, ‘emigration, flight, or removing from home for fear of a hostile army.’ Kanarese has valase, olase, and olise, ‘flight, a removing from home for fear of a hostile army.’ Tamil has valasei, ‘flying for fear, removing hastily.’ The word is an interesting one. I feel pretty sure it is not Aryan, but Dravidian; and yet it stands alone in Dravidian, with nothing that I can find in the way of a root or affinities to explain its etymology. Possibly it may be a borrowed word in Dravidian. Malayalam has no corresponding word. Can it have been borrowed from Kolarian or other primitive Indian speech?” (Letter to H. Beveridge from Mr. F.E. Pargiter, 8th August, 1914).
Wulsa seems to be a derivative from Sanscrit ulvash, and to answer to Persian wairani and Turki buzughlughi.

[10] lalmi, which is Afghani (Pushtu) signifies grown without irrigation.