The recent (January 22, 2024) Pran Pratishtha (consecration) of Lord Ram in Ram Temple in Ayodhya has been a major spectacle. This has accompanied promotion of the mass display of religiosity in most parts of the country, more so in Northern India. This also saw the fusion of roles ‘chief of religion’ and ‘chief of political power’ into a single person, the Prime Minister. It was immediately followed by Mr. Modi inaugurating another big temple (Shri Swaminayan) in Abu Dhabi with gaiety and publicity. And lo and behold, foundation for another temple in Chambal, Kalki Dham, was also performed by Mr. Modi a couple of days ago. Impressed by the serial temple events many right wing ideologues have claimed that Mr. Modi is the first statesman from post- colonial societies to move towards a decolonisation of cultures within thesepost-colonial societies.
How did colonialism affect South Asia in particular? South Asia was predominantly a feudal society, ruled by the landlord-Kings legitimised by the clergy. The British succeeded in colonising most parts of South Asia, Indian subcontinent in particular. Their primary focus was on plundering its wealth and creating markets for its goods being produced in England. It had to lay the structure of a colonial state in which transport, education and foundations of modern administration were laid down. Incidentally they also supported eradication of some of inhuman practices like Sati. For other reforms the likes of Jotirao (Jyotirai) Phule, Savitribai Phule, Ambedakr and Gandhi moved mountains to bring in reforms and cultural changes.
The culture of a society is not a static thing. It did start changing in multiple ways during the colonial period. While a blind aping of the West was a small part of cultural change, the major accompanying part was for the journey towards a society with equality. These were baby steps towards the culture of industrial-modern society in India. This was looked down by the right-wing conservative political forces like Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and RSS, the communalists, as being Western values. They were essentially piqued by the journey towards equality of the downtrodden, they were opposed to it and they labelled it as being ‘Western’.
Along these lines they called the Indian Constitution, embodiment of India’s political culture, as being based on Western values. One recalls that the ideologues of Hindu right were totally opposed to the ideology which talks of equality. In opposition to this they harp on Holy books like Manu Smriti, which were talking of inequality of caste and gender. Interestingly those social forces which had roots in feudal power structure stuck to the ‘anti-Western narrative’. At the same time they collaborated with the colonial rulers. Interestingly, it was a vibrant national movement –that was diverse and varied—that was shaping the culture and also opposing colonial rulers.
One recalls the ‘Muslim Brotherhood’ (West Asia) at this point as yet another example. It also calls the democratic culture and values as Western import and tries to impose dictatorial norms and social inequality in the name of Islam. In India Hindu right wing seeks to oppose equality as being a Western import. The opposition to the values of Indian Constitution is also couched in the garb of opposition to Colonial culture and is propagated as glorification of ‘Indian Culture’.
So what is being called as opposing colonial culture at times is the culture which bases itself to oppose fraternity and justice. Justice for all, irrespective of caste and gender, has been the goal of emerging Indian democracy; this gives space to pluralism and diversity. Amongst the post-colonial states India had the best political journey till a few decades ago. This was also accompanied by a culture, which had continuity and change. This was reflected in the life patterns promoted by the likes of Gandhi and Nehru, Subhash Bose and Maulana Azad, to name a few. This was an attempt to tune the culture which is compatible with democratic values.
The spree of temple related events is accompanied by the assertion that this is the decolonisation of culture! Also the impression being created that the inauguration of the temple in Abu Dhabi is the first one in the ‘Muslim countries’ of West Asia is totally false. One knows there are many temples in the region, UAE, Muscat, Bahrain and Oman to name the few. As the global migrations take place driven of Indians by economics in this case, these migrations are and have been accompanied by the temples in the region. We also recall there are many temples in our neighboring Muslim countries. Dhakeshwwari temple in Bangladesh is well known and we also recall that apart from other existing temples in Pakistan, Lal Krishna Advani had visited Pakistan to inaugurate renovated Katasraj Temple.
The glorification of Modi for ensuring the construction of a Hindu temple is unwarranted. To assert that by inaugurating temples in India and in Abu Dhabi, Modi is showing the conviction to bring in decolonisation is totally misplaced. In India, is was the diverse and varied freedom movement driven by Asivasi agrarian movements first, then workers, famers and the urban middle class and elite thereafter, that undid the impact of colonialism. Roots of progressive social steps and progressive writings, theatre ran parallel with national movement. Post-Independence the process continued with Nehru’s encouragement of scientific temper and Ambedkar’s well drafted Indian constitution.
India did not get subdued by colonial culture in totality. What we are facing today is the promotion of sectarian religiosity and conservatism over the past few decades. Since politics is stalking the streets in the garb of religion, our culture is coming under the attack from conservative and orthodox values. The hilarious example of this is the opposition by BJP associate VHP and company legally challenging the forest department to let the lion Akbar cohabit the lioness Sita.
As far as Abu Dhabi is concerned, not only Abu Dhabi but the whole of West Asia has suffered the onslaught of orthodox values due to promotion of Islamic fundamentalism by the United States of America. In pursuit of its control over oil resources, it has overthrown the democratically elected Government of Mossadegh in Iran in 1953 paving the way for fundamentalist regime in due course. Later it was instrumental in propping up Madrassas in Pakistan to train Mujahedeen, Al Qaeda with huge funding and also supplying them with armaments. It was this whole American intervention that shifted the West Asian culture towards a retrograde one. The inauguration of the temple in Abu Dhabi in no way can undo the cultural damage done to West Asia by the global forces with an infinite ‘hunger for oil’.
Temples are one part of culture. The definition of culture, however, has to be much broader than just temple related events.
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