Image Courtesy: The Hindu

The Bill has faced opposition from various quarters, namely bank unions, individuals, financial analysts and so on. An online petition initiated by Mumbai resident Shilpa Sree, against the FRDI bill got more than 40,000 signatures merely hours after it was started.

The Bill aims to establish a Resolution Corporation that will monitor financial firms, anticipate risk of failure, take corrective action and resolve those. The financial firms may be classified in several categories based on the risk of failure 1. Low, 2. Moderate, 3. Material, 4.Imminent, 5.Critical. Depending on the status of the financial firm, the Resolution Corporation may take over the management of the firm using methods such as (i) merger or acquisition, (ii) transferring the assets, liabilities and management to a temporary firm, or (iii) liquidation.

A contested definition in the bill is of the ‘bail-in’ provision which, analysts apprehend, will put the depositors’ money in the banks at the risk and drive the economy towards a crisis worse than demonetization.

The bail-in clause is meant to rescue financial institutions at the brink of failure by making its creditors and depositors take a loss on their holdings. Hence, it is apprehended that the bill, if passed in its current form, will allow critically ill banks to restructure their liability (letting go of bad loans etc.) which includes depositors’ money. As per the bill, a bail-in will be triggered in consultation with the appropriate regulator, like RBI in case of banks and if the Resolution Corporation is satisfied that a bank needs capital to absorb losses. This clause excludes insured deposits, which, under existing rules, means a sum of up to Re. 1 lakh with interest would be protected. The rest of the amount could be converted into securities like stocks of the bank.
 
The bill also has provisions in which the Resolution Corporation may terminate the current management structure of ailing institutions, implying that the regular employees may lose jobs, a reason why the bill has faced severe opposition from bank unions.
 
Further, measures to ensure accountability and grievance redressal mechanisms are almost missing. The banks were earlier under Bank Regulations Act, but through FRDI they will be brought under the purview of a Company Law Tribunal which comes under the Companies Act. This is unwarranted as it gives all powers in case of likelihood of liquidation to the Tribunal.
 
The government response to the public angst is that of complete denial, where they have refused to admit that the depositors’ money may be in danger and secondly the introduction of a legal institution that can, by and large protect the interests of both, the institution and the depositors. Instead the finance minister Arun Jaitley tweeted “The Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill, 2017 is pending before the Standing Committee. The objective of the government is to fully protect the interest of the financial institutions and depositors.”.

However, how the government is planning to “fully protect the interest of the financial depositors” is unclear. Instead a press release issued today by the Ministry of Finance, GOI seems only to make claims in the air about how Indian banks have adequate capital and how it is depositor friendly. The government will need to come up with more concrete measures especially in terms of legal protection of the financial institutions and depositors’ money.
 

Related Reads:
A Year After Demonetisation: Small Retailers Report Further Losses But Support BJP
Currency In Circulation 91% Of Pre-Demonetisation Value; Digital Payments Up But Fluctuating
 

The post How does the FRDI impact us? appeared first on SabrangIndia.

 
Though the GOI has committed on oath to only link Aadhar UID to certain government beneficiary related schemes in fact it is being forced on to citizens in utter contempt of the Supreme Court Orders, says an open communication by a former, senior Indian army official.
 
The text of the letter dated October 5, 2017 is below:
 
Subject: Contempt of Rule of Law and the orders of the Supreme Court of India
 
Dear Dr. Hasmukh Adhia,
 
Mandeep Kaur, Dy. Secretary of your Department notified GSR 538(E), citing powers conferred by sub-section (1) read with clause (h), clause (i), clause (j) and clause (k) of sub-section (2) of section 73 of the Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002 (15 of 2003), on 01.06.2017.
 
I draw your attention to the following:
 
1. A five member bench headed by the then Chief Justice of India in its Order dated 15.10.2015, had reiterated all its previous orders. In particular we draw your attention that the Court stated that:
 
(a) “After hearing the learned Attorney General for India and other learned senior counsels, we are of the view that in paragraph 3 of the Order dated 11.08.2015, if we add, apart from the other two Schemes, namely, P.D.S. Scheme and the L.P.G. Distribution Scheme, the Schemes like The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), National Social Assistance Programme (Old Age Pensions, Widow Pensions, Disability Pensions) Prime Minister’s Jan DhanYojana (PMJDY) and Employees’ Providend Fund Organisation (EPFO) for the present, it would not dilute earlier order passed by this Court. Therefore, we now include the aforesaid Schemes apart from the other two Schemes that this Court has permitted in its earlier order dated 11.08.2015”
 
(b) “We impress upon the Union of India that it shall strictly follow all the earlier orders passed by this Court commencing from 23.09.2013”
 
(c) “We will also make it clear that the Aadhaar card Scheme is purely voluntary and it cannot be made mandatory till the matter is finally decided by this Court one way or the other”
 
2. The three member bench of the court had noted earlier in its order of 11.08.2015 that: “The learned Attorney General had stated that the respondent Union of India would ensure that Aadhaar cards would only be issued on a consensual basis after informing the public at large about the fact that the preparation of Aadhaar card involving the parting of biometric information of the individual, which shall however not be used for any purpose other than a social benefit schemes.”. It had therefore ordered that
 
(a) “The Unique Identification Number or the Aadhaar card will not be used by the respondents for any purpose other than the PDS Scheme and in particular for the purpose of distribution of foodgrains, etc. and cooking fuel, such as kerosene. The Aadhaar card may also be used for the purpose of the LPG Distribution Scheme;”
 
(b) “The information about an individual obtained by the Unique Identification Authority of India while issuing an Aadhaar card shall not be used for any other purpose, save as above, except as may be directed by a Court for the purpose of criminal investigation.
 
3. In its first order of 23.09.2013, the Court had highlighted that “In the meanwhile, no person should suffer for not getting the Aadhaar card inspite of the fact that some authority had issued a circular making it mandatory”.
 
4. Under section 74 of the Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002 (15 of 2003) every rule made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule. The rules have not been laid before the Parliament as required by parliamentary procedure.
 
5. Furthermore while clause (h) of the Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002 (15 of 2003) was omitted by s.29 with effect from 15.2.2013 and clause (i), clause (j) and clause (k) of sub-section (2) of section 73 does not allow for freezing of any asset or making it inoperable.
 
6. Furthermore, the use of Aadhaar for linking to other databases, retention, storage or publishing is not only prohibited but also a punishable offence under the TheAadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act 2016.
 
7. It is evident that the GSR 538(E) to require linkage of Aadhaar is invalid and bad in law. More over it is in contempt of the Supreme Court and a disrespect for the Rule of Law. The tactic to coerce people under an invalid legislation that is in contempt of court is undemocratic and deplorable.
 
8. In light of these facts, and to ensure that you do not continue to commit contempt of the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, disregard the Rule of Law and get embroiled in needless controversy, money-laundering, and criminality that results from the use and linkage of Aadhaar with the opening of bank accounts and undertaking financial transactions, we require that you kindly issue an immediate and urgent notification and advertise widely highlighting these facts and that banks can not and do not require or use Aadhaar numbers or Aadhaar information for any process including KYC and payment transactions.

The post Forcible Linkages of Bank Accounts to Aadhar is Contempt of SC: Letter to Finance Ministry appeared first on SabrangIndia.

The directive assumes significance as associations representing employees of Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) are protesting against certain decisions taken by the GST Council led by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on Goods and Services Tax.

“Instructions have been issued in the past wherein it has been impressed upon all concerned to refrain from commenting adversely on the government and its policies,” the Ministry said in a recent order.

It said failing to comply with its instructions “may lead to appropriate action (including disciplinary action)”.

The instructions cite service rules that bar any government servant from making any adverse criticism of any policy or action of the government.

“No government servant shall, in any radio broadcast, telecast through any electronic media or in any document published in his own name or anonymously, pseudonymously or in the name of any other person or in any communication to the press or in any public utterance, make any statement of fact or opinion which has the effect of an adverse criticism of any current or recent policy or action of the central government or state government,” reads the service rules.

Certain members of Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), All India Association of Central Excise Gazetted Executive Officers, All India Central Excise Inspectors’ Association and All India Central Excise and Service Tax Ministerial Officers Association had recently participated in a symbolic protest to oppose some decisions taken by the GST Council.

When contacted President of IRS (Customs and Central Excise) officers association, Anup Srivastava, said their members are not adversely commenting on the State’s policies by any way.

“We are not commenting adversely on State policies. We fully agree with this (recent directive) letter. Government should be supported for all the rightful causes in the interest of the nation. The officers of CBEC have been working tirelessly for last ten years on GST. Therefore, the concern of the services need to be addressed for smooth and successful implementation of the GST,” he said.

Srivastava said “it has already been pointed out earlier by us that out of 150 countries, GST has failed in more than 100 countries”.

“We do not want any glitches in the successfully roll out of GST. Therefore, it is our duty as Constitutionally-bound officers of Government of India to bring to the notice of the decision makers the probable glitches. It is upto decision makers to take a final call,” he said.

The employees associations are opposing the Council’s decisions of giving states the powers to levy tax on economic activity within 12 nautical miles of territorial waters and to administer 90 per cent of the tax payers under Rs 1.5 crore annual turnover besides certain provisions of Integrated GST.

The post Finance Ministry warns employees of action for critising govt policies appeared first on SabrangIndia.

Image credit:  Sam Panthaky/ AFP

For more than a decade now, the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence has been investigating how a clutch of companies in the Adani Group led by Gautam Adani allegedly evaded taxes and laundered money while trading in cut and polished diamonds and gold jewellery. The Directorate, which is an investigative wing of the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance, has issued a number of show-cause notices to firms in the group alleging evasion of taxes to the tune of roughly Rs 1,000 crore.

While the allegations against the Adani Group have meandered through various tribunals and courts of law, questions are being raised as to whether the Ministry of Finance is deliberately dragging its feet in moving a review petition before the Supreme Court that could safeguard its revenue interests. Four detailed questionnaires were sent by the Economic and Political Weekly to (i) Finance Minister Arun Jaitley and five of his senior officials; (ii) the Minister of State for Commerce and Industry Nirmala Sitharaman and the Director General of Foreign Trade; (iii) Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad; and (iv) Adani himself. These questionnaires were e-mailed and also sent by regular post on November 18, 2016. Whereas spokespersons of Adani and the law minister responded, Jaitley, Sitharaman and officials in their respective ministries did not answer the questions more than a month and a half after these were sent to them.

Here is the story in a nutshell. A set of firms in the Adani Group allegedly misused various export incentive schemes through a complex web of front companies located in different parts of the world. These shell companies, which indulged in high-velocity “circular trading” among related corporate entities, were also used to launder money, the Directorate has claimed. All the corporate entities were directly or indirectly controlled by, or associated with, Adani Enterprises Limited, a flagship firm of the Adani Group which was called Adani Exports Limited before 2007. The Directorate has alleged that AEL flagrantly misdeclared the freight on board values of cut and polished diamonds and gold jewellery.

The investigative agency has also claimed that group companies and their associates indulged in circular trading to “artificially” inflate exports and “fraudulently” avail of financial benefits from various export promotion schemes initiated by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Such schemes included the Incremental Export Promotion Scheme introduced by the Directorate General in 2003-’04 under which came the Target Plus Scheme introduced in the Foreign Trade Policy 2004-’09. Responding to the EPW’s questionnaire, a spokesperson of the Adani Group denied these allegations. Copies of the various show-cause notices issued by the Directorate to group companies are with the EPW and material from these notices has been drawn for this article.

Misuse alleged

Among the different export promotion schemes initiated by the ministry, a particular scheme sought to provide certain corporate entities exporting goods or services called “trading houses” to avail of benefits that are proportionate to the quantum of exports achieved. Trading houses are ranked on the basis of their total annual exports and the highest exporters are designated “star trading houses.” For 2003-’04, the Directorate General announced a scheme called the Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme.

Under the scheme, certain benefits were provided to trading houses recognised by the government as star trading houses or “status holders.” Specific exporters were recognised as status holders “on the basis of the FOB/NFE (net foreign exchange) value of goods and services … as well as on the basis of services rendered by the service provider during the preceding three licensing years or the preceding licensing year, at the option of the exporter”. Under the scheme, a status holder would receive financial benefits equal to 10% of the total incremental exports achieved in 2003-’04 over the exports in the previous financial year, that is, 2002-’03, provided the incremental growth was at least 25%.

AEL and its group/associate companies had earlier been exporting various commodities from foodgrain to textiles. The Adani Group had a relatively small export turnover of just over Rs 400 crore in 2002-’03. The Directorate has claimed that after the announcement of the scheme, AEL formed a consortium with different corporate entities to “artificially inflate” its exports to take advantage of the scheme. These five group companies were Hinduja Exports Private Limited, Aditya Corpex Private Limited, Bagadiya Brothers Private Limited, Jayant Agro Organics Limited and Midex Overseas Limited. It is further alleged that in addition to these five Indian companies, AEL directly and indirectly managed and controlled 45 overseas corporate entities.

In 2003-’04, the total export turnover of AEL suddenly jumped more than 11 times, to be precise, by 1,181%. The turnover of Hinduja Exports rose by as much as 160 times (16,624%), Adita Corpex’s by over 150 times (15,819%) while that of Midex Overseas rose more than seven times (765%) in these two years (see Table 1).

Source: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1510260/

Besides the Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme, other export promotion schemes that were introduced by the Directorate General included the Target Plus Scheme in September 2004 which offered incentives to status holders varying between 5% and 15% of the incremental growth in the turnover of exports (see Table 2). Initially, studded gold jewellery and cut and polished diamonds were permitted to be included while calculating the FOB figure and therefore, towards claiming incentives under the Target Plus Scheme.

Source: Directorate General of Foreign Trade
 

Directorate General of Foreign Trade notifications

On March 31, 2007, the Directorate General of Foreign Trade issued a show-cause notice pointing out that there had been a sudden and unprecedented increase in the Adani Group’s export turnover of cut and polished diamonds, gold jewellery, rough diamonds and third party exports (all of which could be included at that time in calculating the figure of “incremental” growth of exports for availing benefits from the Directorate General) between 2003-’04 and 2004-’05. According to the notice, the bulk of these exports took place after September 2004 when the Target Plus Scheme was introduced.

The following year, the group’s exports came crashing down. In 2005’-06, the total exports of the Adani Group were barely a third of that achieved in the previous year. Exports of cut and polished diamonds and articles of gold came down sharply. Why? Simply because the benefits were withdrawn after the government realised that the export promotion schemes were being misused. As the ministry became aware of the misuse of the Incremental Export Promotion Scheme, some amendments were made to the Exim policy. In January 2004, the Directorate General issued a number of notifications clarifying that exports of precious metals in any form, including plain jewellery and rough, uncut and semi-polished diamonds and third-party exports would not be permitted for inclusion in calculating the FOB figure.

The amendments were opposed by AEL and other exporters. They contended that the notifications were seeking to withdraw benefits already given to exporters. On February 7, 2004, AEL filed a petition in the Gujarat High Court challenging the validity of the notifications issued on January 28 that year. On July 23, the court [in Adani Exports Limited v Union of India ruled against AEL and others upholding the validity of the notifications. AEL then filed a special leave petition in the Supreme Court. The Directorate General also filed a Special Leave Petition against the order of the high court. Appeals were also filed by other firms and the government in similar cases against the orders of various high courts – such appeals included ones filed by Kanak Exports, the Union of India and the Directorate General challenging an order of the Bombay High Court.

The Exim policy was later further amended (through notifications issued on February 23, 2005 and February 20, 2006) to exclude studded gold jewellery and certain categories of products (diamonds and other precious, semi-precious stones) from the list of items entitled to receive export benefits under the Target Plus Scheme.
 

Supreme Court findings

In October 2015, the Supreme Court upheld the appeals filed by the Directorate General and the Union of India, dismissing the appeals filed by others. It was pointed out that there had been a spectacular rise in the turnover of two firms, Rajesh Exports and Kanak Exports, between 2002’-’03 and 2003-’04 (Table 3).

Source:http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/judgements/announcement.php?WID=6714

The more than 2,000% rise in exports came entirely in the form of gold coins and jewellery. For Adani Exports, over 80% of its export turnover came from diamonds and supplies from status holders. In other words, the Adani Group would not have met the minimum turnover and growth criteria that had been laid down in the Exim policy and the amended Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme (Table 4).

Source:http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/judgements/announcement.php?WID=6714

It is evident from Figure 1 that the export turnover of AEL rose sharply from Rs 377 crore in 2002-’03 to Rs 4,657 crore the following year and further to Rs 10,808 crore in 2004-’05. This sudden spurt in turnover occurred during the period AEL availed of benefits from the Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme and the Target Plus Scheme. Subsequently, when in 2004 the Directorate General issued notifications clarifying that the particular items would not be eligible for export incentives under the Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme (in 2004) and the Target Plus Scheme (in 2005 and 2006), AEL’s export turnover collapsed. The Supreme Court pertinently observed that there was a 1,135% surge in AEL’s exports during 2003-’04, whereas the company’s exports had declined in the preceding six years.

The division bench of the apex court comprising Justices AK Sikri and Rohinton F Nariman used very harsh language to highlight how the firms “misused” benefits by “fraudulently” inflating export turnover, citing “conclusive” evidence of how AEL increased its exports of rough diamonds despite the fact that India is not a rough diamond producing country. The order reads,

  “The same set of diamonds were rotating and these never entered the Indian domestic territory or to the end consumers abroad. The value of such exports in the past two years may exceed 15,000 crore … Many of these exporters exported to their own counterparts in Dubai and Sharjah. The jewellery attracted a 5% import duty at Dubai, the consignments were declared as jewellery in India but were declared as scrap in Dubai to avoid the import duty.”   
— (DGFT and Another vs Kanak Exports and Another, 2015)

Setting aside the direction of the Bombay High Court granting the exporters benefits of incentive schemes that had accrued in the past, the Supreme Court bench concluded,

It was pernicious and blatant misuse of the provisions of the Scheme and periscopic viewing thereof establishes the same. Thus, the impugned decision reflected in the notifications dated April 21 and 23, 2004, did not take away any vested right of these exporters and amendments were necessitated by over-whelming public interest/considerations to prevent the misuse of the Scheme. Therefore, we are of the opinion that even when (the) impugned Notification issued under Section 5 could not be retrospective in nature, such retrospectivity has not deprived the writ petitioners/ exporters of their right inasmuch as no right had accrued in favour of such persons under the scheme. This Court, or for that matter the High Court in exercise of its writ jurisdiction, cannot come to the aid of such petitioners/exporters who, without making actual exports, play with the provisions of the Scheme and try to take undue advantage thereof.
 

Directorate of Revenue Intelligence investigations

The network of the Adani Group is worth mapping. Adani Enterprises Limited (which was earlier Adani Exports Limited or AEL) is a public limited company in which Gautam Adani and his brothers Rajesh Adani and Vasant Adani are directors. With Samir Vora (Gautam Adani’s brother-in-law) at the helm of affairs, Adita Corpex and Hinduja Exports (partnership firms that were taken over by the Adani Group) played the role of the proverbial knights on the chessboard while Midex Overseas, Jayant Agro Organics and Bagadiya Brothers were the pawns. Background checks on these pawns conducted by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence indicate that their main activities used to be exports of molasses, soybean, castor oil, rice and other agricultural products.

While Hinduja Exports entered into a memorandum of understanding with Jayant Agro Organics and Bagadiya Brothers, Adita Corpex signed one with Midex Overseas. The memorandum of understanding stated that the entire export-oriented operations in cut and polished diamonds was to be handled by Hinduja Exports and Adita Corpex in order to achieve the required increment in export turnover, thus enabling the Adani Group to obtain benefits under the Target Plus Scheme. Pursuant to these memorandum of understanding, Deven Mehta (director, Hinduja Exports) was appointed as the authorised signatory for Bagadiya Brothers and Jayant Agro Organics while Saurin Shah and Vishwas Shah (employees of AEL) were appointed as signatories for Midex Overseas. The alleged “collusion” among the firms and their representatives resulted in accrual of benefits to Hinduja Exports and Adita Corptex under the Target Plus Scheme and to the signatories of AEL who allegedly gained between 2% and 2.5 % of the FOB value in an unauthorised manner, the Directorate has claimed in its show-cause notice.

Source: Show-cause notice issued by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence

The Directorate has alleged that the import and export operations of all six companies were handled by Vora. The Directorate went on to claim that total exports of cut and polished diamonds by the Indian companies in the Adani Group in 2004-’05 were worth $1,643.02 million, out of which goods worth $1,314.19 million (or 79.98% of the total) were exported to eight specific companies situated in the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong or Singapore. Similarly, during 2004-’05, out of the total imports worth $1,641.68 million, imports worth $1,304.13 million (79.44%) were from only seven companies in the countries mentioned. Similar patterns emerged for 2005-’06 as well. Two Hong Kong-based companies, Kwality Diamonds and Seven Stars and four UAE-based companies, Excel Global, Jewel Trade, Crown Diamonds and KVK Diamonds, acted as suppliers and buyers of the cut and polished diamonds to and from AEL and its group companies. In addition, eight companies – Wingate Trading, Sphere Trading, Global Enterprises, Top Rich (all in Hong Kong), Planica Exports Private Limited, Emperor Exports Private Limited, Gracious Exports Private Limited and Orchid Overseas Private Limited (in Singapore) – were all incorporated after September 2004 after the introduction of the Target Plus Scheme. Wingate Trading, Sphere Trading, Top Rich and PNJ Trading stopped their business activities in 2005. This, according to the Directorate, suggests a clear link between the way in which trading malpractices took place and the timing of the Directorate General notifications.

Further, the proprietor of three companies, namely, Wingate Trading, Sphere Trading and PNJ Trading, was one Nishaben Vijay Gandhi. While PNJ Trading exported cut and polished diamonds to Indian firms from Hong Kong, Wingate and Sphere imported cut and polished diamonds from the same set of Indian companies. These transactions took place among the firms at profit margins varying between 5% and 10% and would return full circle at a remarkable velocity. According to the Directorate, goods imported were often exported out of India on the same day. Theoretically, the same goods could have been exported more than 100 times in a year and in terms of the various slabs of incentives under the Target Plus Scheme, an unscrupulous exporter could have earned a phenomenal 1,500 for every 100 invested, the Directorate has calculated.

The story was no different in Singapore. There was a common set of five directors shared across AEL’s trading partners. Email messages reproduced in the Directorate’s show-cause notice that were retrieved by the Directorate of Forensic Sciences indicated that AEL controlled and managed its trading partners in Dubai, Hong Kong and Singapore.
 

Circular trading of studded gold jewellery

In 2009, the Directorate issued a fresh set of two show-cause notices alleging that AEL and its associate companies, Hinduja Exports, Adita Corpex and Midex Overseas, that had allegedly availed of extraordinary benefits under the Target Plus Scheme, also indulged in fraudulent “circular trading” by importing gold bars of 995 purity from the UAE and then exporting the goods in the form of crude studded gold jewellery purity back to the UAE. The jewellery was subsequently melted down and imported back to India in the form of gold bars to boost the group’s export turnover. What is remarkable is the rate at which these activities took place: between September 2004 and February 2005, the firms in the Adani Group exported over 59,500 kgs of what is supposed to be studded jewellery valued at over Rs 3,843 crore ($861.40 million).

The entire trading operations involving first, import of gold jewellery into the UAE and export of gold bars from the UAE; second, receipt of funds for the exports into accounts of dummy exporters of the gold bars; and finally, payments of funds from the accounts of dummy importers of studded gold jewellery, was controlled and managed by the employees of Adani Global FZE, Dubai, which is a subsidiary of Adani Exports and GA International. Adani Global FZE, Dubai is a company owned and managed by Vinod Shantilal Shah, also known as Vinod Shantilal Adani, the older brother of Gautam Adani.

Interestingly, these export orders comprised gold bangles weighing anywhere between 100g and 240g and pendants weighing over 70g each. Studded jewellery of such dimensions, using gold with 995 purity, is rare in the jewellery business due to the inability of pure gold to hold precious stones. This has been argued by the Directorate. The lengths of the production cycle and the export cycle of this jewellery were unbelievably short: more than 100 kg of the goods were manufactured within two to three days of the receipt of gold by the workers and the goods were then promptly exported. In particular instances, the export consignments each weighed as much as 500 kg, which is reportedly unusual. Moreover, the Indian firms charged an exorbitant 7% as “making charges” to artificially inflate the value of the goods exported, the Directorate has alleged.

The investigation also unearthed that Adani Global FZE had insured itself against the risk of storage and transport of the jewellery and gold bars. This insurance policy was bought from Oman Insurance Company, Dubai. The fact that Adani Global FZE obtained an insurance policy covering not only itself but other importers and exporters in these operations, which included the refinery where the gold scrap was melted down and converted into gold bars, speaks of the “dubious” nature of these transactions, the Directorate has alleged. At the time when Adani Global FZE bought the insurance policy, it had neither imported any gold jewellery nor exported gold bars. Further, after the Directorate General issued notifications amending the Exim policy in February 2005, the companies abruptly stopped exporting studded gold jewellery. The value of export incentives obtained by the Adani Group companies in this specific instance was more than Rs 575 crore ($130.68 million).
 

Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme

Permission for setting up private or public bonded warehouses was obtained by AEL from the customs department in July 2003 after the introduction of the Incremental Promotion Scheme. This, in effect, meant that goods imported, stored, manipulated and exported from these warehouses would be exempt from payment of customs duty. In accordance with the Target Plus Scheme, AEL imported cut and polished diamonds and re-exported the same after value addition of 5%. This has been shown in the company’s books of accounts. The Adani Group firms obtained Duty Free Credit Entitlement certificates from the Directorate General and utilised these for importing gold and silver without paying duty, that is, by claiming exemption from payment of duty under the Incremental Export Promotion Scheme. In its application to the Directorate General, AEL also acknowledged that it did not take into account the re-export of imported goods while computing the value of exports.

The Directorate notice issued seeks to establish that exports of cut and polished diamonds made by AEL were squarely covered as re-export of imported cut and polished diamonds. Further, these imported gold bars, after conversion into 100g bars, were sold in the open market. Hence, the gold and silver bars imported without payment of duty under Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme cannot be accounted as inputs for the cut and polished diamonds exported by AEL and would be liable for payment of customs duty. The Directorate has alleged that this was done intentionally in circumvention of the July 2004 order of the Gujarat High Court prohibiting the inclusion of gold exports in the Duty Free Credit Entitlement. This order of the Gujarat High Court was upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Kanak Exports. The Directorate notice proposed confiscation of the seized 250 gold bars (of 1 kg each) imported by AEL and confiscation of around 25,000 kg of gold bars and 31,000 kg of silver bars together valued at more than Rs 4,000 crore.
 

Artificial value addition

There are a few thousand instances of circular trading that have been detailed in the Directorate’s notices. The firms claimed value addition of 5%-10% in their official books of account although all that was done was to sort, sieve and clean the diamonds by boiling them in water. Such activities do not involve great technical expertise and, if the Directorate is to be believed, raise doubts about the genuineness of the transactions that have been recorded. The imports and exports of diamonds took place in small dingy rooms measuring 10ft by 12ft inside the bonded warehouse where manufacturing activities are disallowed, the Directorate has alleged.

After the Directorate issued show-cause notices, in an adjudication order issued in January 2013, the commissioner of customs, import (Mumbai) held that:
(i) No processing was carried out by any of the six notices to achieve value addition of 5%-10%;
(ii) The notices have not shown how simple processes of boiling, sieving and assortment, if carried out, can result in value addition of 5%-10%;
(iii) The FOB value declared in the shipping bills by simply adding 5%-10% of the CIF (cost, insurance and freight) value is artificial and hence, the export value declared should be rejected under Section 14 of the Customs Act, 1962.

The commissioner then imposed a penalty of Rs 25 crore on AEL and penalties of Rs 2 crore each on the five other companies. Additionally, it imposed heavy penalties on the directors of all six companies, including Gautam Adani’s brother Rajesh Adani and brother-in-law Samir Vora. The commissioner upheld the charges made in the Directorate’s notices that tax benefits to the tune of Rs 1,000 crore had been fraudulently obtained by the Adani Group companies.

To recapitulate, the Directorate had from 2007 onwards alleged that the companies had misdeclared the FOB value of export goods in contravention of the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 and Foreign Trade (Regulation) Rules, 1993; that the group through its directors had entered into a “conspiracy” with people and entities based in Singapore, Dubai and Hong Kong to undertake “dubious” imports and exports of diamonds to take undue benefits of the Target Plus Scheme; entered into MoUs with group companies for claiming incremental exports; misdeclared value addition of 5%-10% by assortment, boiling, sieving and repacking without any manufacturing/processing or change in the form of the cut and polished diamonds; and failed to declare details of commission payable in shipping bills. It was estimated that benefits worth Rs 679.62 crore were claimed by AEL and its associate companies in 2004-’05 and an additional Rs 218.16 crore were claimed in 2005-’06.
 

The reversal

A development then took place that shocked the Directorate. The order of the commissioner of customs was set aside by the Mumbai bench of the Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal, Western Zone. By an order dated April 9, 2015, which was issued more than four months later on August 26 that year, tribunal members Anil Choudhary and PS Pruthi summarily dropped all the charges against the Adani Group. The tribunal chose to accept the FOB value declared by the companies and disagreed with the Directorate’s claim that there had been circular trading. The tribunal disagreed with the commissioner that “no process” had been carried out in the bonded warehouse since the diamonds were sorted, sieved and boiled. It disagreed with the commissioner that these “processes” could not have added value to the extent of 5%. The tribunal was of the view that the “transaction values” of the cut and polished diamonds were “genuine” and that foreign exchange had been “fully realised” through the sales proceeds. The allegedly fraudulent intentions with which the value of exports were misdeclared and artificially inflated as well as the claims of circular trading were all effectively ignored by the tribunal.

The tribunal ignored the evidence that the Directorate had adduced to its show-cause notices to indicate circular trading. One such piece of evidence was an email exchange between different employees of group companies, including Adani Global. The first names of these employees were Asha, Mary, Rakesh, Tejal and another employee was SM Shah. According to the Directorate, these email exchanges indicate that the same set of diamonds would be imported, exported, imported again and re-exported from and to India, Dubai and Singapore in a cyclical manner.

The tribunal also chose to ignore a letter dated May 26, 2015, written by the Additional Directorate General of Foreign Trade to the joint secretary (drawback), Central Board of Excise and Customs in the Finance Ministry which stated,

“There are cases of circular trading and many other types of mischief reported under the Target Plus Scheme … Such petitioners do not become eligible for such shipping bill claims as per the judgment of the Supreme Court. So, any claims arising on account of such shipping bills may be disallowed. Therefore, (the) Department of Revenue and (the) DRI [Directorate of Revenue Intelligence] are requested to give the complete list of exporters along with details of Shipping Bills who have misused under both the schemes. (the Duty Free Credit Entitlement and/or the Target Plus Scheme.)  
 

Officials in the Income Tax Department and the Enforcement Directorate (who spoke to the lead author of this article on the condition that they would not be identified) said that no investigations had been conducted nor action initiated by their respective departments. A senior customs officer based in Mundra port (through which many of the consignments of diamonds were imported and exported and which is part of the Adani Group) said a number of disputes relating to alleged misuse of export benefits were pending with the Directorate General. “The Adani cases are among the many hundred revenue-sensitive matters on which DGFT [Directorate General of Foreign Trade] has not taken a decision and this is because there is no audit of, or accountability in, the proceedings of the DGFT,” said this person.

A senior official of Directorate General, who too spoke to the lead author of this article on the condition of anonymity, explained,

 “The best course of action will be to ensure that no benefits are given under the TPS [Target Plus Scheme] and the benefits that have already been availed of under the DFCE [Duty Free Credit Entitlement] scheme (for exports in 2003-’04) be declared void ab initio. Since the exports of CPD [cut and polished diamonds] have been held to be fraudulent by the Supreme Court in the Kank Exports case, the benefits under the DFCE already issued to AEL should also be disentitled. It is unfortunate that there are no clear guidelines for expeditious action in such cases of fraud.”  
 

A systemic problem

On March 31, 2016, the Reserve Bank of India relaxed the rules applicable to importers of rough cut and polished diamonds. It permitted banks to approve a “clean credit” facility extended by foreign suppliers to Indian importers of cut and polished diamonds beyond the stipulated 180-day period. Clean credit refers to the credit facility extended by foreign suppliers to Indian importers without imposing the requirement of the need to furnish a letter of credit or a fixed deposit to serve as an underlying guarantee.

While it is contended that this move is intended to ease operational difficulties faced by importers, experts monitoring the diamonds trade suggest that this could be an invitation to fresh trouble. One such person said that these provisions can be easily abused by importers to launder money, that it is quite easy to create an offshore corporate entity that could import goods from an Indian exporter and delay remittances, or worse still, default on payment. This expert apprehended that such malpractices could undermine the financial positions of banks. On one side, the trading firm’s books of accounts would show higher receivables as a part of its balance sheet which may serve as a premise to obtain more credit from Indian banks even as the unscrupulous trader would by then have encashed the proceeds from the sale of the diamonds in, say, Hong Kong, to move the assets out of India.

The systemic nature of such fraud is worth noting. A report by the Financial Action Task Force, released in October 2013, titled “Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing through Trade In Diamonds” stated that India, which accounts for more than 90% of the total business of cut and polished diamonds in the world, has seen instances of companies grossly overvaluing the goods they exported. The report explained how such activities are conducted and operationalised to transfer sums of foreign exchange outside India, giving examples of diamonds round-tripping back to India at inflated prices.

In its judgment in the Kanak Exports case, the Supreme Court highlighted another instance of mis-utilisation of export incentives relating to Reliance Industries Limited and its group company IPCL (formerly India Petrochemicals Corporation Limited). The Court said that RIL and IPCL “manipulated” export turnover to maximise export benefit entitlements under the Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme and the Target Plus Scheme. It held that IPCL had artificially inflated its export performance in 2003–04 and was hence not eligible for benefits under the Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme. The Court observed that goods worth Rs 2,127.18 crore manufactured by RIL were exported in the name of its group company IPCL to claim extra benefits under the Duty Free Credit Entitlement scheme. A Directorate report had earlier stated that RIL lowered its export turnover for 2003-’04 by a similar amount to show that it had achieved a rate of growth of exports above 100% (between 2003-’04 and 2004-’0P) to claim Target Plus Scheme benefits at the rate of 15%. The Supreme Court upheld the Directorate’s contention in this instance.
 

Conclusions

The Directorate filed an appeal against the tribunal order in the Supreme Court which was disposed of on April 12, 2016. The Ministry of Finance now has to file a review petition against this decision. The question that remains unanswered: what has dissuaded the ministry from filing this review petition even though more than nine months have gone by?

According to a Delhi-based lawyer familiar with the case who (like the others) spoke to EPW on condition of anonymity, “The entire argument of the Directorate is premised on a Directorate General notification which was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2015 in the Kanak Exports judgment.” The advocate added that this case is of great significance since it is first relating to circular trading which has reached the doors of the country’s apex court. He said that if the Revenue Department fails to convince the Supreme Court about its case against the Adani Group through its review petition, the “consequences could well be disastrous for the government as this could affect all circular trading cases that are in the pipeline”.

A questionnaire was sent by EPW to Ravi Shankar Prasad, Union Minister of Law and Justice, seeking to enquire if his ministry would recommend a review of the Supreme Court’s decision on the Directorate’s appeal against the tribunal order. A response came from Saurabh Kumar, Additional Private Secretary to the minister, who said the questions should be sent to the Finance Ministry and the MCI.

As already stated, a detailed questionnaire sent on November 18, 2016, to Finance Minister Arun Jaitley, copies of which were marked to the revenue secretary, the chairman, Central Board of Excise and Customs, the chairman, Central Board of Direct Taxes, the director, Enforcement Directorate and the Director General, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, got no responses. On the same day, another questionnaire was sent to Minister of State for Industry and Commerce Nirmala Sitharaman and the director general, Foreign Trade, which also went unanswered.

In response to the EPW questionnaire, Jatin Jalundhwala, Chief Legal Officer for the Adani Group stated that the tribunal had dealt with all the allegations made by the Directorate, including those relating to circular trading and the relationships with overseas buyers and suppliers, and had set these aside. He stated that the tribunal had held that all the exports and imports of cut and polished diamonds by the Adani Group were “genuine” and “thus, (the) FOB value of CPD [cut and polished diamonds] exported cannot be re-determined.” Jalundhwala added that the Supreme Court by dismissing the appeal filed by the Customs Department also “affirmed the validity/genuineness of transactions of imports and exports …”

Reference: Financial Action Task Force (2013): “Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing through Trade in Diamonds,” FATF Report, Oct.

This article was first published on Scroll.in

The post One question finance ministry needs to answer on Rs 1,000-crore tax evasion charge against Adani appeared first on SabrangIndia.