It is a tense 48 hours between the Exit Polls that consumed television time on March 7, when the last ballot was cast in Uttar Pradesh for its legislative assembly, and when the actual results will be available on March 10.

The “predictions” on TV will not matter later this week, but they have sent pulses racing, and anxieties mount. Visions of hung assemblies in Goa, Uttarakhand and Manipur have sent a complex set of actions in motion, that speaks of the fear people have of corruption, strong-arming and sheer political manipulation than a celebration of a successful exercise once again in parliamentary democracy.

Political parties have rented out every spare hotel or resort they can spot to house their newly minted members of legislative assemblies. They remember that in Goa, five years ago, it was the Congress that had a majority of its candidates winning, but when the dust lifted, it was the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) that had formed the government.

This time, therefore, they have sent their most aggressive political plug-uglies to keep their flock from jumping over the stiles. And this I guess, they have also sent in their cash chests, just in case Rs 500 notes in stacks, just so they do not fall short of someone’s greedy expectations. This too is a lesson from last time.

Life is no less easier in Punjab, where the soothsayers say the Aam Admi Party (AAP) and its comedian star leader will form a government with the Dalit chief minister of the Congress; its former chief minister, his predecessor from the Akali Dal and the BJP may trail far behind. The real controllers know that the exit polls are just an expensive guesswork.

The real anxiety is in Uttar Pradesh, even though everyone said it is a foregone conclusion in favour of the BJP. But it is an ominous wait which leaves a big hollow in the pit of the stomach, specially of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and chief minister Adityanath. There can be good news for only one of them, irrespective of how the votes add up.

Modi has fought the UP elections as if it was Gujarat and he was competing to be chief minister for the fourth time. Adityanath has seen several times that his face is not on the same billboard as Modi’s.

If the margin over Samajwadi Party (SP) led by former chief minister Akhilesh Yadav is high, will Modi think the people have chosen his successor? And if it low, will Adityanath fear for his political future.

Just imagine if exit polls had been held after each phase of voting in an election spread over so many weeks. Government machinery, the war chests of the ruling party and its crony capitalists and the muscle on the ground would have made sure there would be nothing left to the vagaries of the decision of actual voters, with or without the EVMs.

It was for this reason, that the courts some years ago, banned exit polls till after final voting lest they influence voter behaviour, or voter safety.

Anyway, no one would link the life and death of India, its marginalised communities and, in particular, its two main religious minorities, merely on the continuing rise of the RSS BJP hold on state governments. 

Even if a political party with a clear secular ideological mooring gets no seats, it is present at the grassroots. It wins municipal or ward elections, or the occasional seat in the Legislative Assembly, surprising friends, and foes in equal measure. 

Also importantly, it leads protests, holds demonstrations. It stages that popular Indian thing, the Dharna, or peaceful sit-in at police stations and before embassies when untoward things happen at home and abroad to the people of India. It issues situation white papers. Above all, it calls press conferences to draw the media’s attention to unfulfilled official promises, and the crisis of confidence.

The reference to press conferences is not a veiled reference to the current prime minister of India, Mr Narendra Modi, and to the fact that in the years he has been in office since his election in May 2014, he has just never addressed an assembled press.

His policy is not holding a press conference. Instead, it is to chat casually with some chosen television reporter, most often to one from a news agency of his choice, on items as diverse as biting into a ripe mango, and reminiscences of his childhood as someone who sold tea at a railway platform.

He also addresses young and old citizens in a monthly monologue on the government radio, on similar issues. There is no opportunity to ask him a question.

But to come back to the story of political parties in the opposition, all that public interaction their leaders have with the people and the media is often the solitary evidence that India has a thriving democracy.

The noise of the opposition motivates ordinary citizens, especially those not captive to the Hindutva ideology of the ruling dispensation or the leader’s definition of nationalism and patriotism, it’s Islamophobic rant, and its apparent lack of concern for the poor.

It is not always that such parties win. Often, they don’t. But they remain important.

Without that semblance of opposition and challenge, we end up as Hitler’s Germany, El Duce’s Italy, or a Latin American dictatorship. We, in India, recall that every major industry and bank in Germany supported Hitler. Crony capitalists benefited the most. 

But a colonial, racist and anti-worker Winston Churchill, who had supreme powers as prime minister in the war years, was immediately thrown out of office after the war, as he was now seen as an anachronism. That happens in functional democracies.

This generates hope in India. 

Mr Narendra Modi won in the general elections of 2014 and 2019, in which he went into battle with a highly surcharged campaign that targeted Congress leaders Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first and possibly its most popular leader, and his “dynasty”.

Mr Modi then turned to the followers of Islam. He conflated a thousand years of history into the dog whistle words Moghul, Babur, Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb’s name has been wiped out of road signs. The 5- century old Babri mosque had been demolished back in 1992.

With all that engineering with historical timelines, and occasional war talk against neighbour Pakistan, Mr Modi has never been able to entice a majority of the Hindu community. 

On the other hand, the main opposition to his ideology has come from the Hindu community.

Much, though not all, of the Left support is from various sections of the Hindu population. Every single one of the caste-based political parties of north India are of the same religious identity.

These include the various segments of socialist parties that were part of the Jai Prakash Narain movement against the Congress of Indira Gandhi in the ‘Seventies. They were empowered by the implementation of the Mandal Commission report on Backward Communities in the 1990s, and rose to rule some of India’s biggest provinces, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. 

Each one of them remains strongly opposed to the BJP in general and to Mr Modi particularly. Most have been warm to Muslims and Christians.

That too is the stance of the many groups formed in several states by splinters of the old Congress party. These include the Trinamool Congress (TMC) that rules Bengal, the Nationalist Congress that has ruled Maharashtra in various coalitions, and the ruling parties of the two Telugu stages of Telangana and Andhra.

Mr Modi’s pocket media and the exit polls cannot take attention away from the current reality of post Covid India. Government has withheld unemployment data, but it is common knowledge that people have been hit hard. Millions remain jobless. The worst sufferers have been working women, and those in the rural and unorganised sectors.

Tens of millions of the children of the poor have lost two years of school for want of a smartphone and of internet connection for virtual classes. In the process they also lost that crucial and free mid-day meal which provided vital protein and vitamins to the children.

The situation of religious minorities is all too well known to need narration. The years of mob lynchings segued into an institutionalised vengeance in further expanding and weaponizing the anti-conversion laws. These now cover a large chunk of the political landscape. Karnataka and Haryana are the last two who passed the laws while the election campaign was at full throttle in Uttar Pradesh.

Will the campaign rhetoric and the din of the exit polls dishearten political parties, and their cadres, to render them comatose? That would be fatal with the general elections just two years away, in 2024.

Intelligentsia and civil society have called upon all sections of the population not to give up hope. They must continue to dream of a better future, irrespective of the exit polls, and the results.

Related:

Assembly Election Exit Polls: Will media pundits be proved wrong again?
Opposition parties demand transfer of Varanasi DM
EVM security: Whose responsibility is it anyway?

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Cartoons often have scenes of physical or verbal violence. Chris Beckett/Flickr

With more access, children are more likely to be exposed to violent content – like real-life or cartoons where force is being used and harm is being done to a person or character. Studies show that 37% of media aimed at children have scenes of physical or verbal violence. What’s more, 90% of movies 68% of video games, 60% of TV shows, and 15% of music videos have some form of violence. In some cases, it’s rising – the amount of violence in mainstream movies has been growing steadily over the past 50 years.

Evidence shows that this can be detrimental to young children. Around the ages of three and four children begin to develop perceptions and expectations about the world around them. These views are strongly influenced by their daily experiences. If children are often exposed to scenes of violence, they may develop a view of the world as a more dangerous place than it actually is.

To investigate this further, and predict the types of mental health outcomes this has, my colleagues and I examined the potential long-term risks associated with exposure to violent media on children’s development. We found that those exposed to violence become more antisocial and emotionally distressed.
 

Exposed to violence

Through parent reports, we measured children’s exposure to violent movies and programmes in 1,800 preschool aged children between the ages of three and four. Four years later, second grade teachers rated the same childrens’ classroom behaviour using a social behaviour questionnaire – which covers behaviour such as physical aggression, inattentiveness and emotional distress over the course of the school year. Teachers were unaware of which children had been exposed to violent media.

To rule out the impact of the home environment on the development of these behaviours, we controlled for the contribution of early childhood aggression, parenting quality, maternal education, parent antisocial behaviour and family structure.

According to our results, teachers rated exposed children as more antisocial. Antisocial behaviours include; a lack of remorse, lying, insensitivity to the emotions of others, and manipulating others.

Our results also reveal significant associations between exposure to violent media and classroom attention problems. Furthermore, exposed children were reported to show more signs of emotional distress; in terms of sadness and a lack of enthusiasm.
The results were similar for boys and girls.
 

Child development

The content of media to which young children are exposed is closely related to child outcomes.

Age-appropriate programmes – like sesame street for kindergarteners– which aim to help children understand words or ideas, are known to help them develop language and mental skills.

New technology can be useful too. Video chat technologies – like Skype or Facetime – which give children an interactive, two-way live exchange with adults facilitate language learning.

On the other hand, violent films and video games often feature attractive protagonists that engage in a disproportionate number of aggressive actions. Children exposed to this type of content can develop a deformed perception of violence and its actual frequency in real life.
Eventually, this can give rise to the impression that the world is an overly dangerous place filled with ill-intentioned people. People that have such a worldview are more likely to interpret an ambiguous or accidental gesture as hostile or as a personal attack.

There are steps that parents can take. By modelling, positive non-violent behaviour – like using respectful communication to solve problems rather than aggression – and having conversations about the violent images their children are exposed to, parents can reduce the negative effects of violent media on their child’s development.

Parents should also keep bedrooms free from screens, closely monitoring children’s media usage, and shutting off the internet at night.
 

Caroline Fitzpatrick, Researcher at Concordia’s PERFORM center and Assistant Professor of Psychology, Université Sainte-Anne

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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